ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Mycolicibacterium fortuitum is an opportunistic pathogen associated with human and animal infection worldwide. Studies concerning this species are mainly represented by case reports, some of them addressing drug susceptibility with a focus on a specific geographic region, so there is a gap in relation to the global epidemiological scenario. OBJECTIVES We aimed determine the global epidemiological scenario of M. fortuitum and analyse its traits associated with pathogenicity. METHODS Based on publicly available genomes of M. fortuitum and a genome from Brazil (this study), we performed a genomic epidemiology analysis and in silico and in vitro characterisation of the resistome and virulome of this species. FINDINGS Three main clusters were defined, one including isolates from the environment, human and animal infections recovered over nearly a century. An apparent intrinsic resistome comprises mechanisms associated with macrolides, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and antitubercular drugs such as rifampin. Besides, the virulome presented Type VII secretion systems (T7SS), including ESX-1, ESX-3, ESX-4 and ESX-4-bis, some of which play a role on the virulence of Mycobacteriaceae species. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Here, M. fortuitum was revealed as a reservoir of an expressive intrinsic resistome, as well as a virulome that may contribute to its success as a global opportunist pathogen.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Endoparasitic infections are associated with morbidity in cats. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of endoparasites among cats of different life stages in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The samples were analyzed individually by macroscopic exploration for proglottids and centrifugal-flotation. Stool samples were obtained from household cats (n = 57) and shelter cats (n = 336). Endoparasites were detected in 50.64% of the samples. Among household and shelter cats, 21.05% and 55.66% were infected with endoparasites, respectively. In household cats, the most prevalent endoparasites were Ancylostoma spp. (in 25.0%) and Strongyloides spp. (in 25.0%), followed by Toxocara spp. (in 16.67%), Dipylidium caninum (in 16.67%), Cystoisospora spp. (in 8.33%), and Uncinaria spp. + Ancylostoma spp. (in 8.33%). In shelter cats, the most prevalent endoparasite was Ancylostoma spp. (in 29.41%), followed by Cystoisospora spp. (in 26.20%) and Toxocara spp. (in 16.58%), as well as Cystoisospora spp. + Toxocara spp. (in 8.02%); Ancylostoma spp. + Toxocara spp. (in 11.76%); Cystoisospora spp. + Ancylostoma spp. (in 3.74%); Cystoisospora spp. + Toxocara spp. + Ancylostoma spp. (in 3.21%); and Dipylidium caninum + Ancylostoma spp. (in 0.53%). Endoparasitic infections in cats underscore the need for preventive veterinary care and routine coproparasitologic tests.
Resumo Endoparasitoses estão associadas à morbidade em gatos. Este estudo objetivou investigar a ocorrência de endoparasitos em gatos de diversas faixas etárias, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. As amostras passaram por exploração macroscópica à procura de proglotes de cestódeos e analisadas individualmente por centrífugo-flutuação. Assim, amostras fecais foram obtidas de gatos domiciliados (n = 57) e de abrigos (n = 336). Endoparasitos foram detectados em 50,64% das amostras fecais. Nos gatos domiciliados e de abrigos, 21,05% e 55,66% estavam infectados por endoparasitos, respectivamente. Ancylostoma spp. (25%) e Strongyloides spp. (25%) foram os helmintos mais prevalentes encontrados nas amostras de fezes dos gatos domiciliados, seguido por Toxocara spp. (16,67%), Dypilidium caninum (16,67%), Cystoisospora spp. (8,33%) e a associação de Uncinaria spp. e Ancylostoma spp. (8,33%). Entre os gatos dos abrigos, Ancylostoma spp. estavam presentes em 29,41% das amostras, seguidos por Cystoisospora spp. (26,20%), Toxocara spp. (16,58%) e as associações de parasitos Cystoisospora spp. + Toxocara spp. (8,02%), Ancylostoma spp. + Toxocara spp. (11,76%), Cystoisospora spp. + Ancylostoma spp (3,74%), Cystoisospora spp. + Toxocaraspp. + Ancylostoma spp. (3,21%) e Dipylidium caninum + Ancylostoma spp. (0,53%). Cystoisospora spp. foi o único protozoário encontrado. A presença de endoparasitos reforça a necessidade de cuidados veterinários preventivos e testes coproparasitológicos de rotina para evitar sua disseminação.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Protozoan Infections, Animal/epidemiology , Cat Diseases/parasitology , Helminthiasis, Animal/parasitology , Protozoan Infections, Animal/diagnosis , Protozoan Infections, Animal/parasitology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Prevalence , Feces/parasitology , Helminthiasis, Animal/diagnosis , Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiologyABSTRACT
O gênero Klebsiella compreende bactérias em forma de bastonete, gram-negativas e imóveis que pertencem à família Enterobacteriaceae. As espécies Klebsiella pneumoniae e Klebsiella oxytoca, patógenos oportunistas, são as mais importantes, sob o ponto de vista da clínica. [...] As beta-lactamases LEN são codificadas em cromossomos e são NSBLs. Recentemente a espécie K. variicola foi identificada. Esta espécie se caracteriza pela fixação de nitrogênio e nenhum gene constitutivo de beta-lactamase foi associado à esta espécie. Este estudo objetivou determinar o espectro de resistência de alelos de blaSHV identificados em K. pneumoniae e também identificar, em nível de espécie, isolados carreadores do gene blaLEN. Por PCR e sequenciamento, alelos de blaSHV e blaLEN foram definidos comparando suas sequências com bancos de dados usando as ferramentas blastN e blastP. Estes genes foram clonados e expressos em sistema heterólogo, e o espectro de resistência dos transformantes foi avaliado. A taxonomia genômica dos isolados deste gênero foi realizada com base em sequências de genes recuperados de genomas de espécies de Klebsiella e aplicou-se as abordagens MLSA, rMLST e cgMLST. Identificamos blaSHV-28 (n=2), blaSHV-110 (n=1) e alelos novos de blaSHV (n=3).
Os transformantes para estes genes apresentaram resistência à amoxicilina, ampicilina e piperacilina, o que corresponde a um espectro restrito de resistência. Quanto a blaLEN, foram identificados oito novos alelos em nove isolados. Dois deles eram idênticos aos encontrados no genoma de K. variicola AT-22 e todos estes alelos codificam NSBLs. A taxonomia genômica de Klebsiella definiu três grupos: K. variicola, K. pneumoniae e K.oxytoca. Curiosamente, alguns isolados de K. pneumoniae agruparam com o K. variicola AT-22, sugerindo pertencerem à esta espécie. Todos os isolados do grupo K. variicola albergavam o gene blaLEN indicando que esta seria a beta-lactamase constitutiva de K. variicola, e, por conseguinte, que o grupo KpIII é composto por isolados de K. variicola. Aqui nós determinamos que alelos de blaSHV cromossômicos, incluindo blaSHV-28 e blaSHV-110, previamente identificados como ESBLs, são NSBLs e concluímos que K. variicola pode estar sendo subestimada em infecções humanas.
The genus Klebsiella comprises non-motile, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, presenting apolysaccharide-based capsule, belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. The two most clinicallyimportant species from the genus are the opportunistic pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae andKlebsiella oxytoca. [...] LEN enzymes are chromosomal encoded with restrict activity against beta-lactams and confers resistance only to penicillins. More recently, K. variicola species were identifiedand this species has the ability of fixing nitrogen. There are few studies concerning this species andno constitutive beta-lactamase gene has been described in this species. This study aimed to determinethe resistance spectrum of blaSHV alleles identified in K. pneumoniae strains and also to identify, atspecies level, strains carrying blaLEN chromosomal class A beta-lactamase gene. PCR and sequencingwere performed and blaSHV, and blaLEN alleles were determined by comparing their sequences with thedatabase using blastN and blastP tools. These genes were cloned and expressed in a heterologoussystem, and the antibiotic resistance spectrum of the transformants was evaluated by susceptibilitytest.
The genomic taxonomy of strains from this genus were performed based on genes from draft andcomplete genome sequences from Klebsiella species using MLSA, rMLST and cgMLST approaches.Strains harboring blaSHV-28 (n=2), blaSHV-110 (n=1) and new blaSHV alleles (n=3) were identified. All thetransformants showed resistance to amoxicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, which correspond to arestricted spectrum of resistance. Concerning blaLEN alleles, here were identified eight new alleles innine strains. Two of them were identical to the one found in K. variicola AT-22 genome. The antibioticresistance profile presented by the transformants indicated that all these blaLEN alleles encode forNSBLs. The Klebsiella genomic taxonomy revealed three groups corresponding to K. variicola, K.pneumoniae and K. oxytoca species. Curiously, some K. pneumoniae grouped with the K. variicolaAT-22, suggesting that those strains, in fact, belong to K. variicola species and had been misidentifiedas K. pneumoniae. Moreover, it was observed that all strains from K. variicola cluster harbored theblaLEN gene. This finding indicated that the blaLEN gene is a constitutive K. variicola beta-lactamase, andtherefore, the KpIII group is composed by K. variicola strains. Here we determined that differentchromosomal blaSHV alleles, including blaSHV-28 e blaSHV-110, previously labeled as ESBLs, and the newones, are NSBLs. Also, we concluded that K. variicola can play an underestimated role in humaninfections.